Preamble to the U.S. Constitution

Preamble to the U.S. Constitution The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution summarizes the Founding Fathers’ intention to create a federal government dedicated to ensuring that â€Å"We the People† always live in a safe, peaceful, healthy, well-defended- and most of all- free nation.  Ã‚  The preamble states: â€Å"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.† As the Founders intended, the Preamble has no force in law. It grants no powers to the federal or state governments, nor does it limit the scope of future government actions. As a result, the Preamble has never been cited by any federal court, including the U.S. Supreme Court, in deciding cases dealing with constitutional issues. Also known as the â€Å"Enacting Clause,† the Preamble did not become a part of the Constitution until the final few days of the Constitutional Convention after Gouverneur Morris, who had also signed the Articles of Confederation, pressed for its inclusion. Before it was drafted, the Preamble had not been proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention. The first version of the preamble did not refer to, â€Å"We the People of the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Instead, it referred to the people of the individual states. The word â€Å"people† did not appear, and the phrase â€Å"the United States† was followed by a listing of the states as they appeared on the map from north to south. However, the Framers changed to the final version when they realized that the Constitution would go into effect as soon as nine states gave their approval, whether any of the remaining states had ratified it or not. The Value of the Preamble The Preamble explains why we have and need the Constitution. It also gives us the best summary we will ever have of what the Founders were considering as they hashed out the basics of the three branches of government. In his highly acclaimed book, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Justice Joseph Story wrote of the Preamble, â€Å"its true office is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the Constitution.† In addition, no less noted authority on the Constitution than Alexander Hamilton himself, in Federalist No. 84, stated that the Preamble gives us â€Å"a better recognition of popular rights than volumes of those aphorisms which make the principal figure in several of our State bills of rights, and which would sound much better in a treatise of ethics than in a constitution of government.† James Madison, one of the leading architects of the Constitution, may have put it best when he wrote in The Federalist No. 49: [T]he people are the only legitimate fountain of power, and it is from them that the constitutional charter, under which the several branches of government hold their power, is derived . . . . Understand the Preamble, Understand the Constitution Each phrase in the Preamble helps explain the purpose of the Constitution as envisioned by the Framers. ‘We the People’ This well-known key phrase means that the Constitution incorporates the visions of all Americans and that the rights and freedoms bestowed by the document belong to all citizens of the United States of America. ‘In order to form a more perfect union’ The phrase recognizes that the old government based on the Articles of Confederation was extremely inflexible and limited in scope, making it hard for the government to respond to the changing needs of the people over time.   ‘Establish justice’ The lack of a system of justice ensuring fair and equal treatment of the people had been the primary reason for the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution against England. The Framers wanted to ensure a fair and equal system of justice for all Americans. ‘Insure domestic tranquility’ The Constitutional Convention was held shortly after Shays’ Rebellion, a bloody uprising of farmers in Massachusetts against the state caused by the monetary debt crisis at the end of the Revolutionary War. In this phrase, the Framers were responding to fears that the new government would be unable to keep peace within the nation’s borders. ‘Provide for the common defense’ The Framers were acutely aware that the new nation remained extremely vulnerable to attacks by foreign nations and that no individual state had the power to repel such attacks. Thus, the need for a unified, coordinated effort to defend the nation would always be a vital function of the U.S. federal government. ‘Promote the general welfare’ The Framers also recognized that the general well-being of the American citizens would be another key responsibility of the federal government. ‘Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity’ The phrase confirms the Framer’s vision that the very purpose of the Constitution is to protect the nation’s blood-earned rights for liberty, justice, and freedom from a tyrannical government. ‘Ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America’ Simply stated, the Constitution and the government it embodies are created by the people, and that it is the people who give America its power. The Preamble in Court While the Preamble has no legal standing, the courts have used it in trying to interpret the meaning and intent of various sections of the Constitution as they apply to modern legal situations. In this way, courts have found the Preamble useful in determining the â€Å"spirit† of the Constitution. Whose Government is it and What is it For? The Preamble contains what may be the most important three words in our nation’s history: â€Å"We the People.† Those three words, along with the brief balance of the Preamble, establish the very basis of our system of â€Å"federalism,† under which the states and central government are granted both shared and exclusive powers, but only with the approval of â€Å"We the people.† Compare the Constitution’s Preamble to its counterpart in the Constitution’s predecessor, the Articles of Confederation. In that compact, the states alone formed â€Å"a firm league of friendship, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare† and agreed to protect each other â€Å"against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.† Clearly, the Preamble sets the Constitution apart from the Articles of Confederation as being an agreement among the people, rather than the states, and placing an emphasis on rights and freedoms above the military protection of the individual states.

Power of Short Words in Business Writing

Power of Short Words in Business Writing I’ve long admired Richard Lederer’s writing on language. In his 1991 book, The Miracle of Language, Lederer sings the praises of the short word: When you speak and write, there is no law that says you have to use big words. Short words are as good as long ones, and short, old words- like sun and grass and home- are best of all. A lot of small words, more than you might think, can meet your needs with a strength, grace, and charm that large words do not have. Big words can make the way dark for those who read what you write and hear what you say. Small words cast their clear light on big things- night and day, love and hate, war and peace, and life and death. Big words at times seem strange to the eye and the ear and the mind and the heart. Small words are the ones we seem to have known from the time we were born, like the hearth fire that warms the home. Short words are bright like sparks that glow in the night, prompt like the dawn that greets the day, sharp like the blade of a knife, hot like salt tears that scald the cheek, quick like moths that flit from flame to flame, and terse like the dart and sting of a bee. Here is a sound rule: Use small, old words where you can. If a long word says just what you want to say, do not fear to use it. But know that our tongue is rich in crisp, brisk, swift, short words. Make them the spine and the heart of what you speak and write. Short words are like fast friends. They will not let you down. These four paragraphs contain 221 words, all of them one syllable. MS Word’s Readibility Score is 100% – the highest score possible. These short words are both profound and easy to absorb. It is simple, but not simplistic, and very persuasive. This passage represents clear, vivid, effective writing that can be easily absorbed by business people battling information overload. The most evocative Bible passages and many proverbs use this same short word structure: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. (John 1.1) A stitch in time saves nine. This does not mean â€Å"Don’t use big words.† We must use big words in our business writing and conversation, when they express a meaning no other word can. We work with technical and industry terms, and sometimes a big word best depicts this. Two tips on clarity I always highlight in business writing courses: Never use a big word when a small word will do. Write to express, not to impress

Dubai ECONOMIC SECURITY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dubai ECONOMIC SECURITY - Research Paper Example Over the last three years, Dubai has shown an upward growth in the economy owing to the increase in the international oil prices and the growth of the tourism industry. However, the government still wails in debt and there are signs that the city has not yet achieved economic independence. This is a big threat and promises an economic crisis in future unless the government takes control of its spending and focuses on economic generation rather than spending, which will pose danger on its economic security. Dubai experiences one of the most tremendous population expansions in the world. Between 2005 and 2013, the population of the Dubai Emirate grew from 1.2 million to 2.1 million, which is close to double within a period of only 8 years. The population density of the emirate is about 409 per square kilometer, which is more than 8 times that of the entire country. Just like many other countries in the world, the population of females in Dubai is slightly higher than that of the males. Dubai has a poverty rate of about 10% which is much lower than 19.5% poverty rate in the United Arab Emirates. The crude death rate in Dubai is at 1.4 while the infant mortality rate ranges at about 7 deaths per one thousand infants (Middle East Monitor, 2014). These low figures indicate that Dubai is one of the rapidly developing economies in the world, and much better than other countries in the United Arab Emirates. Economic indicators are important points of evaluating the economic development within a region. The low poverty level in Dubai is another indicator of the fact that the city’s population majorly lies within the middle class (Alajoutsijà ¤rvi, Juusola, & Lamberg, 2014). On this note, Dubai enjoys a good economic status and has a challenge to maintain this by finding ways which they can guarantee economic wellbeing in the long term. The Dubai’s economy is dependent majorly on the oil industry. Economic

CMG490 MOD SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CMG490 MOD SLP - Essay Example al criteria as the system alerted when a contract was close to expire, had mistake proof that informed managers on contract dates, and observed regal standards in meeting all regulatory criteria before a contract is executed. Saxena (74) regulatory compliance has to be addressed in details to avoid costly penalties, and even cancellation of contracts by a government. The company has detailed system that ensures all regulatory mechanism in contracts are met; contracts have to go through the required regulatory approval before commencement. In contractual criteria, Apics (6) argues that a company has to develop and put in place measures and strategies that offer an integrated action plan in achieving the desired level of performance, as well as process maturity, which addresses all components of contract management, capability, and cover the contract period. For example, the company in question can adequately compare and analyze data from several contracts, they can report and analyze a contract by a particular vendor, and conform to the required contractual terms. On the other hand, the company meets some procedural criteria in that standards are used in gauging and analyzing each contract, there is strict adherence to legal and regulatory requirements, and each contract is considered and analyzed before it is commences to ensure it meets all the laid down criteria. Despite the above strengths, the company has glaring faults in its contractual system that makes it prone to major risks and even may edge closer to closure. For example, the company does not coordinate contracts across departments and cannot locate any contract in a short time with ease or any reliability. This indicates that in procedural approach, the company cannot manage its contracts effectively; they cannot link different departments to analyze all the details and have a holistic contract management system. The system cannot facilitate maintenance of a contract portfolio, implying the company

Surrealism in Advertising; How Beer Became Beer!! Essay Example for Free

Surrealism in Advertising; How Beer Became Beer!! Essay The intention of this essay is to analyse surrealism in advertising and apply the theoretical background of it and the psychoanalytic theory to a 2003/2004 campaign for Tooheys Extra Dry beer, made by BMF Advertising agency. The essay will try and isolate the surrealist appeal and other factors behind this campaign and explain why and how this campaign became one of the most talked-about advertisements and won the gold in Creative Planning Awards as well as silver in Advertising Effectiveness Awards in 2004. Surrealism and Advertising For the description on surrealism and its theories see appendix A. The Product. The product is beer. However, Toohey’s Extra Dry (TED) is different from other beers in many ways. Its packaging is different from other beers in its clear and tall bottle (not dark and wide as other beer bottles). It has a green label that is glued to the clear bottle diagonally instead of in a strait manner and big white dynamic letters stating the ‘Extra Dry’ brand. It is a very young brand, first brewed in 1994 instead of 18xx as other beers. However, its most distinguishing feature is its taste; it is much lighter than other beers. TED is not bitter and it is more like other RTD drinks than beer. The Campaign Tooheys Extra Dry (TED) was a growing brand, even before this campaign was released; however its growth was because of its sub premium price (Nicholas 2004). The clear, tall bottle and an easy taste of the beer could have helped, but it was believed the brand can do better. Previous advertising of TED abided the prevalent beer promotional models throughout the world, the core market being pub going males. The prevailing message was â€Å"have a go at it†. The advertisements were of weir accidents of men who did not drink this beer, and the endline was â€Å"don’t die wondering†. The research done after the campaign proved that the idea was not very successful, however the core problem was the strategy. TEDs positioning was between mainstream beers (Fosters) and premium (Heineken). Its appeal was later described by a young participant in a research group: â€Å"I like Tooheys Extra Dry. When you walk into a party carrying a six pack you don’t look like a scab [by drinking mainstream beer] and you didn’t look like a wanker [by drinking premiums]† Anon. cited in Nicholas (2004) P1 It became apparent that their target audience were young adults who like taking risks. Putting that into the account, the resulting campaign, aimed at people in their early twenties, tried a different approach. It involved an enticing product attribute that was unique, cool and youthful. The new campaigns objectives were: -Establish a connection with 18-24 years old audience -Extend the brand throughout the Australia, mainly Sydney, Perth, Melbourne, South East Queensland and other areas. -Maintain the price premium while achieving growth and increase the profit As previously mentioned, the taste of this beer is the biggest distinguishing featureits the unique selling point. By not emphasising that on its previous campaign, they have not established a truthful distinction and therefore failed. The new campaign strategy was to find out the usual dissatisfaction young (18-24) people have with beer. RTD drinks (ready-to-drink: drinks that are already mixed with spirist, for instance Smirnoff Ice, WKD, VK etc) have been becoming more and more popular and have taken some of the market away from beer. As a result, key dissatisfactions with beer were isolated in a research study. The results were: -Beer is associated with â€Å"old† masculinity i. e. Dad in a pub with his mates -Beer slows you down – it makes you fat and slow -Beer has a bitter taste – it makes it hard to drink in today’s environment that is more focused on sweeter drinks and foods. On the other hand, TED was perceived as a modern drink, drunken by men and women. It is also less filling and therefore does not have the same effect as other beers. Its lack of bitterness is its main feature and is easier to drink. This insight is what led the new campaign. The target audience was set to 18-24 olds as opposed to previous 24-29 year old adults. The goal was to change what the target audience thought of beer and establish the brand not only as the best beer, but the best alcoholic drink altogether. The campaigns proposition was that because of its unique brewing process as little of negative effects from beer can be present (mostly beer breath). This is how the campaign slogan came to be as – clean, crisp taste. This also resolved the key dissatisfaction the target market had with beer. Because of the crucial distinguishing features this campaign had to represent, a special tone of voice was consisted out of three major components. The first component was the youth fun feel that had to be established – therefore party imagery was selected. The pace of the advert had to b just right – a mixture between clubby and pub-like (spirits vs. beer). The next important thing was for the marketers to establish a ‘cool’ feel, youthfulness etc). This is why they used the soon to be famous music track. The commercial The commercial is of a tongue that leaves his owner and goes to search for a tasty beer while its owner sleeps. It goes past several dangers until it finally finds the beer at a party full of young people. It takes the beer and brings it back to his owner. Two posters and a radio commercial were part of this campaign as well. The posters and a detailed description of the commercial can be found in the appendix B. This product has only one memorable utilitarian benefit and that is its light taste. That is why the taste was the focus of this ad – symbolically represented by the tongue, which is the central figure in this add. With the tongue representing taste, this campaign did not state the facts clearly, as in: â€Å"TED has a light taste you will enjoy† but rather used imagery to reflect the product attributes. This all is typical for many surrealistic commercials, as well as the ‘hazardous odyssey’ aspect of it. The tongue was running away from the cat, got almost run over by the car and stomped on the dance floor. It’s blending the real and unreal; the real being the party and the people’s behaviour – and the unreal is obviously the renegade tongue in search of a beer. As previously mentioned, the main target audience was to appeal to young audience; therefore the surrealist appeal was chosen wisely, because of its defiance against conformism (Homer Kahle, 1989). Clubby imagery, music and passionate kissing at the party reinforced this aim. It is generally believed that non-conformism has been the most central aspect of any thing considered as ‘cool’ to the young audiences. Some psychoanalytic theory practices can be detected as well. According to the psychoanalytic theory (Hackley, 2005) and Motivational Research, real buying impulses derive from urges and drives and feelings. The perfect party environment and several sultry images insinuate sexual motives that could hide behind party experiences and alcohol consumption and consequently be the motive for purchase. Another typically surrealist feature is the exaggeration of the human form. The tongue itself is exactly that in this advert, since it can move on its own, is capable of thought and emotion while still remaining just a tongue. The most apparent emotion the tongue portrays is desire. The metamorphosis of the tongue can be explained by the Trickster theory described by Cooper and Petterson in 2000. The tongue would be the trickster; neither good, nor bad but guided by its emotions and desires. This is central to this advert, as it is the desire for the good refreshing ‘clean and crisp’ taste that forces this tongue to take all those risks just to get the Tooheys Extra Dry. The desire is the motivation for the odisseyadic journey. Conclusion The commercial is odd and free from normal association. We do not expect tongues to jump out of out mouths and search for beer. This is the product of the novelty theory assuring the audience will recollect the ad easier. These surreal techniques combined with psychoanalytic theory make the ‘TED wanting tongue’ a hero (survives danger), a partier and a rebel at the same time. The metamorphism and the surrealist technique reinforces the utilitarian claim of the product performance and its claim of ‘clean and crisp’ taste. Appendix A Surrealism is a movement that stared in the early 20th century most acknowledged in France. It is most recognisable by the paintings and other visual representations of it by painters and writers such as Salvador Dali and Bret? n. Surrealists explain the human mind in a manner not before conjured. Andre Bret? ns (1920) definition of surrealism: â€Å"Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express – verbally, or by means of written word, or in any other manner – the actual functioning of thought. Dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern. † Homer and Kahle (1989) describe surrealism as fee of the stereotyped mental habits belonging to artists and spectator as well. The objects are free from normal association. Isolation, modification, hybridization, incongruity, provocation of accidental encounters, paradox and conceptual bipolarity are the ways through which surrealism achieves the maximum impact. In surrealism, pleasure and free will have total control over everything, including reality. Alcuaz’s (1984) premise is that surrealism as a concept is a state of mind, and attitude and a desire. Magritte, a surrealist painter believed that surrealism is an attack on societies preconceived ideas and predetermined good sence. In surrealism, desire chooses whatever it wants and pleases it; it is not bound by realistic and logical boundaries of perception. Surrealists act defiant to conformism as well. According to Homer and Kahle (1989), advertisers seek surrealist techniques because of their need to gain consumers attention, fuel their fantasies and induce new ways of thinking about previous conceptions. One of the reasons advertising of surrealism works it the so-called novelty theory. Novelty theory is based on the so-called Von Restorff Effect. This basically describes a phenomena that occurs when people are presented with novelty or unexpected items. Their recall of these items was greater and enhanced in the future. Appendix B In the beginning of the ad, we see a young man, sleeping with a woman in a bed. His face is turned towards us. Suddenly, his tongue jumps out of his mouth and embarks on a quest to quench its thirst. It moves in a way that is similar to a worm or a caterpillar. It jumps of the bed and goes down the stairs while being chased by a cat. It narrowly escapes the cat when it jumps through a rail fence and onto a road. While crossing the road it gets almost run over by a car. The tongue then enters a party full of young people. A few shots of the party are shown and we see people dancing and socialising in a crowded house. The tongue is going through the party avoiding being stomped by feet of the dancers. Then it gets stuck on a vinyl player but manages to get off. The tongue successfully manoeuvres past a couple French-kissing and discovers a huge tub full of ice containing several different alcoholic drinks. It manages to get on the edge of the bath and scout the available drinks when it notices a Tooheys Extra Dry on the far side of the tub. After a quick shot of the kissing couple, the tongue dives into the tub full of ice. The underwater environment is clear and crisp. We see the tongue swimming at the bottom of the tub, past many bottles towards Tooheys Extra Dry that is encompassed into ice but still showing its label and the recognisable green colour. The tongue then quickly grabs the bottle much like a python would its prey and jumps out of the tub with it. It then drags it out of the party back to the bedroom and onto the bed climbing back into its owner’s mouth with is main body still wrapped around the beer. This wakes the young man up and he confusingly looks at the Tooheys Extra Dry in his mouth, takes it out and examines the label. The slogan, ‘clean crisp taste’ then appears at the bottom of the screen and the ad is over. Visuals: Source: Source: Nicholas J. (2004) Source: Nicholas J. (2004). These examples used as still photos on billboards and such use surrealistic usage of the product; enforcing the notion of its utilitarian benefit: ‘The Clean Crisp Taste’. References: -Homer, M. Kahle L. R. (1989) A Social adaptation explanation of the effects of surrealism on advertising. Journal of Advertising 15(2) pp. 50-60 -Alcuaz, M. â€Å"Contemporary Idioms of Surrealism. Dreamworks 4(1) pp. 59-69 -Cooper P. Patterson (2000) The Trickster: Creativity in modern Advertising and Branding. Market Research Society Conference. Available at: http://www. warc. com/ArticleCenter/Default.asp? CType=AAID=WORDSEARCH49151Tab=A -Nicholas, J. (2004) Toohey’s Extra Dry – Licking the Beer Category. Account Planning Group Australia. Available at: http://www. warc. com/ArticleCenter/Default. asp? CType=AAID=WORDSEARCH80888Tab=A -Nicholas, J. (2004) Toohey’s Extra Dry ‘Quest’ – Beer advertising that broke the mould. Sales That broke records. Advertising Federation of Australia. Report. Available at: http://www. warc. com/ArticleCenter/Default. asp? CType=AAID=WORDSEARCH85608Tab=A -Hackley, C. (2005) Advertising and Promotion: Communicating Brands. Sage Publications: London.

The Fifth Agreement: A Practical Guide to Self-Mastery, by Miguel Ruiz and Jose Ruiz :: Essays on The Fifth Agreement

My life experience might be simple, but I have learned a lot from my life. It is not necessary that someone’s experience has to be a good one to talk about; the point is he should have a passion to learn lessons from it. Every time you go through a bitter experience either in your travels, work, or somewhere else, I would have to say â€Å"Congrats! You have got a story to tell your grandsons someday.† I have learnt a lot of lessons from this life and taught myself beautiful lessons. I taught myself to stand firm, never give up, and do my best. I have taught myself to say â€Å"yes† whenever I feel that I need to refuse, and I have taught myself to say â€Å"no† whenever the temptations are floating around me. I have learned that if I want to live happily, I have to be able to say â€Å"no† as I can say â€Å"yes.† Just by these two simple words, I changed myself and took control over it. â€Å"Be impeccable with your words† (27) is the first agreement that Miguel Ruiz and Jose Ruiz want to make an agreement with their readers in their book, â€Å"The Fifth Agreement.† By words, you can communicate with other people and tell them your opinions. The power of the word should not be underestimated; in some cases, it might be so tender that you can gain people to be in our side, but it might blow like a storm and pull out people’s real feelings. Ruiz in his book says â€Å"you are going to use the word to express the truth in every thought, in every action, in every word you use to describe yourself, to describe your own life story† (39). One should be really careful in choosing the right words in the right times. I worked once in a team of freelancers for a courier company. I faced a problem while programing their website, and the supervisor of the team, who was from the company, asked me to take an immediate action. I replied to her quickly and said â€Å"I cannot do this until I discuss it with my team leader.† Her face turned red, and I just didn’t know what to do, so I looked into my laptop screen pretending I am working. Since then she saw me as a weak team player; whenever she wanted to ask about the project, she asked another teammate instead of me.

Conceptions of Curriculum

When looking at the curriculum, there are several conceptions that are used in defining which type of a curriculum will be used in schools the curriculum conception basically affects the material and teaching techniques that will be used in school. Depending on how a school or a country wants to educate its students, a school will have to base its curriculum top specific curriculum conception. One or more concepts can be incorporate when formulating the curriculum. Basically the school curriculum plays an important role in determining and shaping the student’s understanding of education and other important issues.The curriculum Print (1993), in his book discusses the way in which curriculum is understood in terms conceptions. To Print (1993) there are five main curriculum conceptions, these includes †¢ Academic rationalist conception †¢ Humanistic conception †¢ Cognitive progression conception †¢ Social Reconstructionist conception Different school and unde rtake to use one or more than one of the above outlined concepts in developing their curriculum. The choosing of the concepts will depend on the outcome that the school and the teaching professional want to get from students.Let us briefly examine each one of these conception is some details; (Print 1993) The academic rationalist concept The concept puts a lot of emphasis on knowledge, values and skills that are found in different academic fields. Academic rationalism conception curriculum has a distinctive discipline which is different from other concepts. Many curriculum developers today, use this conception. The concept originates from seven liberal arts that are in the classical curriculum. (Eisner, 1979)According to Eisner & Vallance, (1974) academic rationalism, is among the oldest conceptions, the conception puts a lot of emphasis on the responsibility of the school to enable the students to share the academic benefits of those who passed on before. The sharing is not limited to the concepts only, but it also includes any work that has resisted the test of time. for those individuals that embrace the academic rationalism conception, being educated to them means being initiated to methods thought that are represent by the different disciplines in the conception.There fore, the significant aim of understanding the academic rationalism is to pass the knowledge and aesthetics from one generation to another generation. This is attained through education that is organized within academic disciplines that are recognized. (Eisner & Vallance, 1974) Humanistic conceptions This curriculum conception offers opportunities in which to improve an â€Å"individual’s self- concept† and to attain self- actualization, this is according to Print 1993. This is the most common in main of the supporting material that is contained in the curriculum documents.Humanism curriculum conception is a perspective which is founded on the assumption that individuals have a n inclination of developing all their abilities that maintaining them. In general humanism conception, tries to facilitate releasing of present capacity and potential in a student. In humanism the understanding is that if some beliefs and specific conditions are already present in an individual, this individual or students will gradually let their self actualizing ability to override barriers that they have created international.Roger 1961 points out that the tree main aspects in humanism are; Genuineness, unconditional positive aspect; and emphatic understanding. Cognitive processes conception This conception provides students with opportunity and skill or methods to assist them â€Å"learn how to learn† and also to give students a chance to employ and improve the different faculties that they have (Print, 1993) Social theory This curriculum conception takes a critical look on the social aspect of education.One of the main values of the conception is the obligation in penetr ating the world of objective knowledge so that one can expose the social relationships which are underlying that are in many cases hidden . social conception believes that knowledge need to applied for emancipatory political objectives. The main objective of the social conception is to nullify the impacts of ideology in that individual perceptions are free from emancipation, the individual are able to visualize beyond and know the reality. (Kemmis, et al 1994) My personal Conception; Technology conceptionPersonally I will take technology concept, DeVore (1968) defines technology conception as an organization of knowledge and the use of resources in producing outcomes that respond to the human requirements and wants. Thus, this definition characterizes technology as a â€Å"body of knowledge† in the past this body f knowledge was being viewed as knowledge of practice. The conception goes on to explain that, the knowledge is used to gives methods of doing activities and show wh at is really valued through action. Technology is being viewed as a discipline in it self.The view that technology is discipline is justified by DeVore (1968) monograph that outlines technology as a discipline. DeVore (1968) articulates the points that points out that technology as an intellectual discipline; which is organized body of knowledge that has got structure that unites the different parts of the technology structure. Technology have also stood the test of time thus evidence that it is durable. Technology is cumulative naturally, and also technology relates to the future and provides inspiration and stimulation for other ideas and goalsBruner (1960) describes technology curriculum conception as a curriculum which is determined by underlying principles of understanding education purposes. To Bruner (1960) the basic learning purpose is economy. The conception views such learning process as permitting generalization thus making knowledge to be used in other contexts apart fro m the one that the knowledge was gotten from. It also builds the memory in allowing the student to relate what he/she would have forgotten. Thus, this education conception is important and has to be implemented in schools curricula.(Bruner, 1960) Shaping of education; Curriculum development Curriculum development is formulated for all schools and for various classes in manner that it can be taught and develop the students learning procedures. Depending on the curriculum conception/s that is being used it will shape the way the curriculum is developed. Curriculum development goes a long way to defining the way the education system of a school or a country will be. Curriculum development incorporates all the subjects to be taught and how they will be taught in the education program. Designing of a curriculumCurriculum conception plays important role in shaping and defining the education system of a country. Much of the reforms in the education sector occur due to embracing various cur riculum concepts. For instance, recommendations by the Holmes Group for teach reforms on preparations which are discipline based were based on curriculum conceptions. (Kemmis, et al1994) some of the recommendation by the groups was also to having education program for technology teachers, as technology was endorsed as a discipline in the education curriculum. That it was easy to redesign the curriculum in relations to the proposal by the Holmes group.In the same line, where school took technology has a discipline and incorporated technology in its curriculum, the discipline has gained respect and in the academic program. (Kemmis, et al 1994) A good example of how technology has shaped education system in schools is in the Maryland State Department of Education, where high school graduation requirement have been changed. Previously, the education standards in the state required that a one semester course be offered for the â€Å"practical arts† that could be achieved by a cour se in technology education or any other course in vocational education, home economic or computer education.The new standards that have been proposed eliminate the practical arts subjects’ requirements, but, the state department of education has put a new requisite in technology education. The requirements require that a student should take one year in learning technology education in the school before he/she graduates. Therefore technology education has to be elevated top be a main subject. This highly changes the policies and perceptions in the education system and helps to shape education system to be producing a system which embraces technology. (Maryland State Department of Education 1991)Education system is also shaped by new disciplines that are being brought forward by the curriculum conceptions. Education is dynamic and in order to remain relevant to the requirements of the masses and to solve the daily challenges in the education system it has to keep on evolving to cope up with the new challenges. In the same context newer disciplines in education curriculum have become much more appropriate than the old ones. For example, psychology has become more relevant to the education sector as it gives a good understanding of human nature.Thus, these conceptions have a direct impact in education systems as they are used in formulating the curriculum being taught in schools which determine the system of education that will be used. (Kemmis, et al 1994) Assessment In order to monitor the progress of students it is important that proper assessments methods has to be formulated and put in place, for the teachers to know the progress of their students in various discipline. Depending on the type of the curriculum conception that is being used in a particular curriculum in school it will determine the kind of assessment methods that will be used in the schools.Assessment methods are in important in ensuring that the learners are getting what is taught. (Kem mis, et al 1994) Global versus local issues that may impact developing curriculum Globalization plays important role in shaping the education system in the current education institutions. Today, global issues impact students strongly than never before. With the advent of television and internet opportunities to get information from other parts of the world has increased. The significant of education in assisting students in knowing their roles and responsibilities in the global society has increased.Thus, in formulating the school curriculum it is important that the curriculum should incorporate global issues. Some of the important global aspects that affects curriculum are; human rights, interdependence, conflict resolution, values and perceptions, diversity; sustainable development and social justice. Local issues like, culture, politics and education system will also affect the curriculum developed. (Eisner, & Vallance, 1974) Outlined below is a discussion on how teaching of diff erent subjects can incorporate global dimension in a manner that can ensure that progression by the significant stages of education;Developing English curriculum In developing the English curriculum, both fiction and non-fiction books from different countries in the world has to taught in schools so that students can learn different cultures in the world and get an opportunity to enhance their understanding of the world issues and them selves. (Eisner, & Vallance, 1974) Developing Technology education curriculum The curriculum will have to incorporate the current global technology trend and give students opportunities to design different products and analyze how these products work.This will give them also a chance to learn the various needs of people in various cultures and countries. At the same time the students will get an opportunity of knowing how technology can be applied in order to improve and at the same time develop the global society. (Eisner, & Vallance, 1974) Developin g History curriculum In formulating history curriculum in relation to global issues, the students can be given an opportunity to learn about the cultural, religious, ethnic and social diversities in the global societies. And related the information they have leant to the different societies and their own.In doing so, they can then link occurrences in different countries and make a comparison with the lives of those people currently and in the pas. This will highly developed their understanding of those countries and give them an insight on global issues. (Eisner, & Vallance, 1974) Strategic and operations After developing the curriculum it is important to have a clear strategy of how it is going to be implemented and in schools and how it is going to be affected in the learning process. The curriculum developers have to have clear administrative strategy that will be used in administering the new curriculum in schools.A proper structure should be provided that reflects how schools w ill practice and carry out the curriculum. The strategy or planning is important for educators and the practitioners in the education system. Strategies sets will ensure that the objectives of the curriculum are achieved. (DeVore, 1968) Proper analysis offers the educators with tools for planning and carrying out operations of the curriculum. Where necessary they can redirect the curriculum operation. In addition, operations will involve the way the curriculum will be implemented.This involves the teachers of schools and administrators who have to carry out the operations of teaching. The curriculum will only be effectively in operation if the teaching staffs are well prepared and informed about the curriculum. Other wise they may be a hitch in operation of the curriculum. (DeVore, 1968) Conclusion Curriculum remains an important tool in the education system of a country. A curriculum of a school defines the teaching material of a school. In developing the curriculum different curri culum conceptions are used in determining the type of a curriculum that will be used in schools.Curriculum conception affects curriculum development, assessments methods and curriculum alignments among other issues of the curriculum. Currently global issues also play important role in determining the kind of education curriculum that will be developed in school. In order to give students a more global approach it has become necessary that global issues have to be incorporated in the education system. However, strategic planning and operations have to be well formulated to effectively implement curriculum in schools. Reference: Bruner, J. S. (1960): The process of education.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Commission on Technology Education for the State of New Jersey (1987): Technology Education: Learning how to live in a technical world. Aberdeen, NJ: Vocational Education Resource Centre. DeVore, P. D. (1968): Structure and content foundations for curriculum development. Wa shington, DC: American Industrial Arts Association. DeVore, P. D. (1964): Technology: An intellectual discipline; Bulletin Number 5. Washington, DC: American Industrial Arts Association. Eisner, E W. (1979): The three curricular that all schools teach; The Educational imagination.New York; Macmillan, Eisner, E. W. & Vallance, E. (1974): Conflicting conceptions of curriculum. Berkeley, CA: McCutch Publishing. Eriksson, T. L. (1988): The teacher education reform movement: Tenets of the Holmes group. Journal of Epsilon Pi Tao, 24 Maryland State Department of Education (1991): Requirements for graduation from high school in Maryland. Baltimore, MD. Kemmis, S. , C et al (1994): Understanding Teaching: Curriculum and the social context of schooling. Print, M (1993): Curriculum development and design; Chapter 2. St Lenards, Australia. Unwin & Allen

Production Criticism of Oedipus the King Essay

The directorial concept of the play started with an overall picture of melancholy and a suggestion that the story is indeed a tragedy. The stage, as the foundation of the entire scene, has been designed to differentiate the levels of society, thus, it has different levels of platforms and steps, but leaving the center of the stage flattest, where most of the characters will be performing. The materials used for the platforms are of different types. The higher steps leading to the outskirts of the stage look like they were made with ordinary flat rocks, much like the ones we see in the old Jerusalem. The steps were made simply for the purpose of being pathways men can walk on. Nothing fashionable. The center of the stage has a different design, because I noticed that the flooring is much more modern than the flat rocks around it. The material of the floor of the center stage has a much smoother quality, although it was carved like bricks, like the ones on the streets of Paris, France. The floor carvings are designed like segmented rings that all leads to one focal point, much like the bytes in a compact disc. The most prominent part of the stage is the palace of Oedipus, the King. It stands so proud with its walls extending all the way to the top that it scares you of its command of authority and power. It stood so high and proud that it looked like it reached the heavens and looks infinite. The material of it was the smoothest of all. It has the most modern design in the stage. The cement has a slate gray color mixed with white streaks that suggested it must be made of marble†¦the strongest among the rocks on stage. That’s how powerful Oedipus, as a king, is. He is believed to be the savior of Thebes when he defeated the Sphinx by answering the most difficult riddle. The play is an obvious â€Å"non-dramatic pageantry,† because the elements of it were present and done in the stage. There is an â€Å"icon† or focal point, which usually is a â€Å"religious artifact or a saint. † (Theatrical Production, Encyclop? dia Britannica. ). There was a huge cross with a white cloth resting on its arm at the middle of the highest outstkirt platform. This is its focal point because it looks religious enough to suggest it’s the cross of Jesus Christ. Overall, the environment of the stage is melancholic. The color of the stage’s floor to the very tall palace is in the neutral shade. Again, nothing special. This just suggests the hue of sorrow, which is the shade of gray. The sorrowful environment was coupled with the stage lights, which made the scene look softer and mellower. The lights come from under the outskirts’ platforms, which gave a lot of shadow on the stage. The second light will be coming from directly above the stage, which gives all little bit of glow on the heads of the characters, but not enough light to brighten the faces of every actor. The poor lighting made it felt like the characters are speaking to me personally, in my deepest thoughts. It dawned to me that whenever I am depressed or whenever I wanted to be alone, I tend to hate bright lights. Such is the feeling of someone in wakes, especially those wakes inside chapels. The serene, soothing look of a funeral scene in a chapel is the aimed environment here. The background lights on the outskirts of the stage changes as the mood of the scene changes too. Even though the shadow was effective enough to suggest sorrow, the light blue hue of the background defined the mood. When the ugly truth of Oedipus’ character was nearly revealed, the background light turned into a reddish hue, as if the sun was setting. It gave a red glow that suggested the horrible feeling of the moment. It also made the blood coming out from Oedipus’ eyes look thick and black, which made the suffering grievous enough to die. Sounds make the hearts beat rapidly and loses one’s breath. From beginning until the end, the background music created the feeling that it is tragic. When Tiresius, the seer, showed up, there was annoying background music created by a type of violin, which made it felt like there was great irony and perversity in the scene. The horting sound of the violin made my heart twist and my throat a bit choked because I felt the tension due to the sound. It is interesting though, how the director was able to coordinate all aspects of production to make the playscript fit his directorial concept. Of course, the playscript was changed to make it more dramatic and the words appealing to the audience. The playscript was â€Å"Bowdlerized,† or words were changed to fit the lingo of the modern audience. (Dr. Eric W. Trumbull. ). Although there weren’t any fancy or colorful props on the stage, the characters are the ones that still mattered the most. Though the faces of the characters generally remained stiff throughout, their voices are full of color. Loudness and softness of the voices stated the mood. There was also a striking difference on the characters’ costumes, each has it’s own different era to represent; a group will be wearing costumes of Sophocle’s generation, another wearing the fashion of the early twentieth century, while another wearing the fashion of the latest trend. Still, the colors of the costumes were nothing fancier than red, white and gold. The colors of the cloths are in plain solid colors too. The characters’ spotlight are their white costumes, or something white in their costumes. For example, the choruses were all dressed in black except the ribbon on the neck, which is pure white. This gives the picture that their heads are floating and the rest of the body is invisible. The director’s aim to present a non-dramatical pageant play that won’t bore the modern audience so far caught my attention. He may have aimed to make the production profit a lot more by involving â€Å"famous† actors to play the role, as part of his marketing strategy. (Dr. Eric W. Trumbull. ). The production is an art in itself, and Don Taylor would’ve still passed as very good theatrical director. The play is directed gearing away from the Shakespearean concept of production, which made it quite different to the taste of theatrical fans, and thus, worth watching and recommending.

Dial-up Compared to High Speed Access essays

Dial-up Compared to High Speed Access essays The essay topic I have chosen to write on, is comparing a dial-up connection to a high speed connection to the internet. Dial-up and high speed access can be both used to connect to the internet, they both perform the same function. Which is to connect you to the internet. The way the connection are offered are different, one is thru the phone company. This method is called dial-up and the other is thru the cable company, being called high speed access nicked named a (cable connection). A dial-up connection has its faults and its advantages, just as high speed has its faults and advantages. With dial-up you have to connect thru the use of your on phone line, this is a disadvantage. Reason being is that you can not receive or make calls while connected to the internet. With a high speed connection you have free use of the phone to receive, and make calls. When comparing the similarities of price plans, dial-up connection has the advantage over the high speed connection to the internet. With the price of the dial-up connection averaging around twenty one dollars. While the average price plan for the high speed access was forty eight dollars a month. With a dial-up connection you have to have a local provider, for the internet if you do not have a local provider you will have to seek out a internet provider. With the average cost of that being around twenty three dollars, with that comes a disadvantage. Because you can end-up paying long distance charges, having to call out side of your calling area to connect with your internet provider. With the high speed access being provided thru a separate connection, thru the use of a cable line other than the one that connects to your television. Your on line with no long distance charges and with your connection to the internet, you also get a internet provider instead of having to find one. Now that you have a connection to the internet thru cabl ...

Transition Words

Transition Words Transition Words Transition Words By Maeve Maddox A frequent fault of inexperienced writers is a tendency to present thoughts and ideas without showing connections between them, or without making their significance clear to the reader. Transition words and phrases keep the reader on track by showing relationships between ideas and information. Consider the following paragraph: People who adopt a dog need to teach it basic commands.  Basic obedience keeps the animal safe and prevents it from becoming a danger. Many pet owners fail to teach their dogs to obey. They should always consider the need to train their puppies to obey. The writer of this paragraph sees value in training a dog in basic obedience, but a reader might wonder what connection there is between basic obedience and the dog’s safety or dangerous behavior. Transitions are needed to show these connections. The paragraph revised: People who adopt a dog need to teach it basic commands in order to keep it safe and prevent it from harming others. For example, a dog that won’t come when called might run into the street and be hit by a car. A dog not trained to keep from jumping on people could cause injury by knocking someone down. Unfortunately, many pet owners fail to teach their dogs to obey, and, as a result, the animal becomes a nuisance or danger to family and strangers alike. To avoid undesirable behavior in their pets, dog owners should always consider the need to train puppies in basic obedience. Here is a list of transition words grouped according to the types of transition they can be used for: To add information: and, not onlybut also, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition, again, besides, equally important, what’s more, too To give examples: for example, for instance, specifically, in particular To show contrast: but, however, on the other hand, otherwise, instead, in contrast To show concession: yet, nevertheless, however, although, even though, despite the fact that, despite To show similarity: likewise, similarly, in the same way To show result: so, as a result, therefore, thus, as a consequence, consequently To indicate time or sequence: first, second, finally, meanwhile, immediately, thereafter, soon, finally, previously, formerly, next, following this, after, soon, therefore To offer conditional thoughts: or, whetheror, ifthen To explain or emphasize: in fact, actually, in other words, namely, obviously, in any case, naturally, certainly, unquestionably To offer alternatives: or, eitheror, neithernor To compare: on the other hand, on the contrary, by comparison, compared to, balanced against, visvis, although, in contrast To prove: because, for, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, in fact, in any case To conclude: in conclusion, in brief, on the whole, to conclude, as I have shown Some transition words, like also, and, or, like, as for, and further are unobtrusive, directing the reader without distracting. Others, like albeit, jump out at the reader and must be used sparingly. Still other transitions cast doubt on the credibility of the writer. Here are some transitions often seen in freshman compositions. They are perhaps best avoided: in all honesty, to tell the truth, to put it briefly, be that as it may, last but not least, to get back to the point, to make a long story short. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?30 Baseball Idioms5 Erroneously Constructed â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Sentences

Should gay marriage be legalized Research Paper

Should gay marriage be legalized - Research Paper Example Should gay marriage be legalized? The United States constitution guarantees all citizens equal rights regardless of gender, sex, religion, race or sexual orientation and therefore, denying people of same-sex the right to get married is a violation of the constitution. As stipulated in the constitution, everyone has a right to liberty, freedom and equality provided in the exercise of such rights one does not cause damage or harm to other people. The gay people in engaging in marriage are only exercising the right and their behavior does not cause harm to anybody. Despite the fundamental principles not only allowing but also requiring legalization of same-sex marriage, some people still insist that same-sex couples should not be accorded equal right to marry. They forget that gays are human beings just like other people such as the heterosexuals and as such should be treated equally. The democrats and republicans often advocate equal rights for gay and lesbians such as the right to proper housing, government benefits, employment and legal protections. However, when it comes to marriage they strongly oppose such an idea. The democrats even go ahead to support the inclusion of gay and lesbian families in the life of our nation and seek equal responsibility. Opposing the right to marry is thus a contradiction to the party’s commitment to legal equality and non discrimination. It makes no sense to support good cause for the gay and their families but refuse to acknowledge their right to marry and to live happily.

The Importance to Teach Through the Standards in Science Curriculum Essay - 2

The Importance to Teach Through the Standards in Science Curriculum - Essay Example Science curriculum should be taught by following the standards that must be designed according to the environment of students so that they can make use of their science knowledge in their practical lives. The development of science education has structured more and more recently. So, by looking back at the last century, the curriculum of schools was very basic and everybody used to think about multi-curriculum from his own angle. More in-depth, teaching strategies were clustered around the teacher himself, and he was the center of the classroom. In the beginning, scientists were the one who used to control the science curriculum, and they had the authority for choosing the content to be taught in schools. Thus, it was hard for teachers and students to handle the science subject based on the scientists’ perspective rather than science educators’ perspectives. However, the reformation that was called for by Dewey had taken place in the late 1950s. The development of teaching science as the inquiry has taken place in the 1950s, nevertheless, the years 1955-1974 were called the Golden Age in Education. Numerous findings were poured into education in order to develop curriculum. The 1960s were even enriched with more science projects toward the science curriculum but the reformation was not very clear, until late 1960s when studies showed some achievements and attitude toward science. During the 1970s, the focus of NSF (The National Science Foundation) was on exploring the impact of the new science curriculum such as improving science methods, working in labs and discovering inquiry learning. In the 1980s and 1990s, the development of technology, computer and the World Wide Web were enough to call it a new reformation besides that the beginning of 1990s, it was the beginning of something new, it was the standard era. The complexity of the lifestyle after the 1990s was not only sensed in the States but globally too and the science education became a field for competition through many different